Nyse Vs Nasdaq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nyse Vs Nasdaq - Essay Example They have sites thus a significant part of the exchanging that is led through them is done through the Internet. Inside this setting it is intriguing to inspect the pretended by the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ in our creating money related world. Scarcely any organizations delineate the above circumstance just as NASDAQ, the world's first electronic exchanging organization. NASDAQ drove the charge away from webpage explicit bourses and towards a virtual nearness where exchanging is done through programming and on the web. This is the heading many stock trades have been going, albeit most keep up a chief city-explicit trade as a component of their image. With the merger of NYSE and Euronext a couple of years back, NASDAQ has a contender. The two organizations due fundamentally something very similar. NYSE Euronext has a gigantic range since NYSE has an European solid footing. It is increasingly serious with NASDAQ. The two organizations keep on buying stock trades. NASDAQ in 20 07, for instance, purchased the Philadelphia trade. A ton of the cash currently is in mergers and acquisitions among stock trade organizations. The two organizations are based out of New York. There are a couple of contrasts between the two organizations. NASDAQ has been increasingly forceful and to a greater degree a pioneer. Another enormous distinction is the manner by which protections are really exchanged.

Shold gun be legal or illegal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shold firearm be lawful or unlawful - Essay Example ties, an Earth-wide temperature boost, human services, gay marriage, undifferentiated cell investigate and numerous other politically persuading subjects have touched off passionate ideological fights. Weapon possession positions high among these political belief systems and to endeavor to boycott all firearms would make these emotions much more grounded. To present the defense for maintaining the generally saw ‘right’ to carry weapons by permitting rifles and shotguns of a specific length while restricting handguns and ambush rifles appears the reasonable arrangement and a battle that could be won. This strategy has demonstrated successful in different nations, for example, Britain and numerous other European countries. Those nations that boycott handgun use have a much lower manslaughter rate than does the U.S. (Reynolds, Caruth, 1992). The idea that the simple access to guns importantly affects the murder rates in this nation is bolstered by the prevalence of the proo f. Almost 66% of all murders occurring in the United States include a gun. However, changes in handgun laws supposedly had practically zero effect on crime percentages. This isn't astounding dependent on truth that most savage crooks don't get their guns through authorized sources (Wright and Rossi, 1994). Different projects, for example, firearm repurchase programs have been demonstrated to be likewise incapable for an assortment of reasons including goal for use, simplicity of trade and likelihood of utilization for wrongdoing. Prior firearm control arrangements instituted in 1976 and 1982 had comparable disillusioning outcomes. Covered weapons laws have really been appeared to positively affect crime percentages, that is, they add to an acceleration in wrongdoing (Loftin, McDowall, Weirsema and Cottey, 1991). Laws that endeavor to control handgun proprietorship for reputable residents don't work and have been appeared to really... Firearm lovers, as they are respectfully alluded, impersonate the idea that more weapons will prompt less brutality, that if everybody were conveying a firearm, lawbreakers would be too frightened to even think about committing violations. The more is less way of thinking. This doesn’t square with sensible rationale or the realities. â€Å"Whenever you have more weapons in a general public, you’re going to have more firearm brutality, period†. The State of Texas is known, deservedly, as having an open approach with respect to firearms. Texas residents are permitted to convey hid handguns once finishing authorizing prerequisites. At that point Governor, George W. Bramble marked a law that explicitly allows Texans to convey weapons in chapel, the most sacredly quiet out of every other place on earth. In 2002, the Violence Policy Center led an examination in regards to disguised firearms in Texas and found that, among other upsetting disclosures, from 1996 to 2001, â€Å"concealed handgun permit holders in Texas were captured for weapon-related offenses at a rate 81 percent higher than that of the state’s overall public matured 21 and older†. Officials in Texas reacted quickly to this circumstance by passing enactment that restricts the arrival of firearm related data.

Different Types of Data for your Dissertation

Different Types of Dissertation Data This quick and handy guide will help you distinguish between the different variations of Primary and Secondary data that you may require for your dissertation. If you are unsure what type of data is best suited for your dissertation research, read on! 1. Primary Data This is the data collected from human participants through interviews or surveys. This is usually cross-sectional data (i.e. the data collected at one point of time from different respondents). Time-series are found very rarely or almost never in primary data. 1.1. Primary Quantitative Data This is the data that can be converted to numbers (e.g. Likert scale, yes/no questions converted to dummy variables, etc.) This data is usually collected through surveys using the method of structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions. Studies that use this type of data ask What questions (e.g. What are the determinants of customer loyalty? To what extent does marketing affect sales? etc.) Can be analysed with SPSS. 1.2. Primary Qualitative Data  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is non-numerical primary data represented mostly by text or quotes from interviewees. This is best used in social studies including management and marketing when there are few respondents and if they are asked open-ended Studies that use this type of data usually ask Why and How questions (e.g. Why does social media marketing is more effective than traditional marketing? How do consumers make their purchase decisions?) Can be analysed with nVivo. 2. Secondary Data This is the data collected from databases or websites; it does not involve human participants. This can be both cross-sectional data (e.g. an indicator for different countries/companies at one point of time) and time-series (e.g. an indicator for one company/country for several years). A combination of cross-sectional data and time-series data is panel data. This data is more relevant for economic and financial research but it can also be found in management and marketing research. In management and marketing research, secondary data is usually employed in the context of the case study strategy. In the economic and financial research, secondary data is usually analysed with econometric and statistical methods. 2.1. Secondary Quantitative Data The most popular data in economics and finance Examples of secondary quantitative data are share prices; accounting information such as earnings, total asset, revenue, etc.; macroeconomic variables such as GDP, inflation, unemployment, interest rates, etc.; microeconomic variables such as market share, concentration ratio, etc. Examples of dissertation that will most likely use secondary quantitative data are FDI dissertations, Mergers and Acquisitions dissertations, Event Studies, Economic Growth dissertations, International Trade dissertations, Corporate Governance dissertations. Can be analysed with statistical software such as Eviews, Stata, R, Matlab, and SPSS. 2.2. Secondary Qualitative Data This is any textual or visual data (infographics) that have been gathered from reports, websites and other secondary sources that do not involve interactions between the research and human participants. Examples of the use of secondary qualitative data are SWOT analysis, PEST analysis, 4Ps analysis, Porter’s Five Forces analysis, most types of Strategic Analysis, etc. Often used in case studies. Cannot be analysed with statistical or econometric software such as Eviews, Stata, Matlab, SPSS.

Beowulf The Old-English Epic

The following article is an excerpt of an entry in the 1911 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. BEOWULF. The epic of Beowulf, the most precious relic of Old English, and, indeed, of all early Germanic literature, has come down to us in a single MS., written about A.D. 1000, which contains also the Old English poem of Judith, and is bound up with other MSS. in a volume in the Cottonian collection now at the British Museum. The subject of the poem is the exploits of Beowulf, son of Ecgtheow and nephew of Hygelac, king of the Geatas, i.e. the people, called in Scandinavian records Gautar, from whom a part of southern Sweden has received its present name Gotland. The Story The following is a brief outline of the story, which naturally divides itself into five parts. Beowulf, with fourteen companions, sails to Denmark, to offer his help to Hrothgar, king of the Danes, whose hall (called Heorot ) has for twelve years been rendered uninhabitable by the ravages of a devouring monster (apparently in gigantic human shape) called Grendel, a dweller in the waste, who used nightly to force an entrance and slaughter some of the inmates. Beowulf and his friends are feasted in the long-deserted Heorot. At night the Danes withdraw, leaving the strangers alone. When all but Beowulf are asleep, Grendel enters, the iron-barred doors having yielded in a moment to his hand. One of Beowulfs friends is killed; but Beowulf, unarmed, wrestles with the monster, and tears his arm from the shoulder. Grendel, though mortally wounded, breaks from the conquerors grasp, and escapes from the hall. On the morrow, his bloodstained track is followed until it ends in a distant mere.All fear being now removed, the Danish king and his followers pass the night in Heorot, Beowulf a nd his comrades being lodged elsewhere. The hall is invaded by Grendels mother, who kills and carries off one of the Danish nobles. Beowulf proceeds to the mere, and, armed with sword and corslet, plunges into the water. In a vaulted chamber under the waves, he fights with Grendels mother and kills her. In the vault he finds the corpse of Grendel; he cuts off the head and brings it back in triumph.Richly rewarded by Hrothgar, Beowulf returns to his native land. He is welcomed by Hygelac, and relates to him the story of his adventures, with some details not contained in the former narrative. The king bestows on him lands and honors, and during the reigns of Hygelac and his son Heardred he is the greatest man in the kingdom. When Heardred is killed in battle with the Swedes, Beowulf becomes king in his stead.After Beowulf has reigned prosperously for fifty years, his country is ravaged by a fiery dragon, which inhabits an ancient burial-mound, full of costly treasure. The royal hall i tself is burned to the ground. The aged king resolves to fight, unaided, with the dragon. Accompanied by eleven chosen warriors, he journeys to the barrow. Bidding his companions retire to a distance, he takes up his position near the entrance to the mound - an arched opening whence issues a boiling stream.The dragon hears Beowulfs shout of defiance, and rushes forth, breathing flames. The fight begins; Beowulf is all but overpowered, and the sight is so terrible that his men, all but one, seek safety in flight. The young Wiglaf, son of Weohstan, though yet untried in battle, cannot, even in obedience to his lords prohibition, refrain from going to his help. With Wiglafs aid, Beowulf slays the dragon, but not before he has received his own death-wound. Wiglaf enters the barrow and returns to show the dying king the treasures that he has found there. With his last breath Beowulf names Wiglaf his successor, and ordains that his ashes shall be enshrined in a great mound, placed on a lo fty cliff, so that it may be a mark for sailors far out at sea.The news of Beowulfs dear-bought victory is carried to the army. Amid great lamentation, the heros body is laid on the funeral pile and consumed. The treasures of the dragons hoard are buried with his ashes; and when the great mound is finished, twelve of Beowulfs most famous warriors ride around it, celebrating the praises of the bravest, gentlest and most generous of kings. The Hero Those portions of the poem that are summarized above - that is to say, those which relate the career of the hero in progressive order - contain a lucid and well-constructed story, told with a vividness of imagination and a degree of narrative skill that may with little exaggeration be called Homeric. And yet it is probable that there are few readers of Beowulf who have not felt - and there are many who after repeated perusal continue to feel - that the general impression produced by it is that of a bewildering chaos. This effect is due to the multitude and the character of the episodes. In the first place, a very great part of what the poem tells about Beowulf himself is not presented in regular sequence, but by way of retrospective mention or narration. The extent of the material thus introduced out of course may be seen from the following abstract. When seven years old the orphaned Beowulf was adopted by his grandfather King Hrethel, the father of Hygelac, and was regarded by him with as much affection as any of his own sons. In youth, although famed for his wonderful strength of grip, he was generally despised as sluggish and unwarlike. Yet even before his encounter with Grendel, he had won renown by his swimming contest with another youth named Breca, when after battling for seven days and nights with the  waves  and  slaying  many sea-monsters, he came to land in the country of the Finns. In the disastrous invasion of the land of the Hetware, in which Hygelac was killed, Beowulf killed many of the  enemies, amongst them a chieftain of the  Hugas, named Daghrefn, apparently the slayer of Hygelac. In the retreat he once more displayed his powers as a swimmer, carrying to his ship the  armour  of thirty slain enemies. When he reached his native land, the widowed queen offered him the kingdom, her son Heardred be ing too young to rule. Beowulf, out of loyalty, refused to be made  king  and acted as the guardian of Heardred during his minority, and as his  counselor  after he came to mans estate. By giving shelter to the fugitive Eadgils, a rebel against his uncle the king of the Swain (the Swedes, dwelling to the north of the  Gautar), Heardred brought on himself an invasion, in which he lost his life. When Beowulf became king, he supported the cause of Eadgils by force of arms; the king of the Swedes was killed, and his nephew placed on the throne. Historical Value Now, with one brilliant exception - the story of the swimming-match, which is felicitously introduced and  finely  told - these retrospective passages are brought in more or less awkwardly, interrupt inconveniently the course of the narrative, and are too condensed and allusive in style to make any strong poetic impression. Still, they do serve to complete the portraiture of the heros character. There are, however, many other episodes that have nothing to do with Beowulf  himself  but seem to have been inserted with a deliberate intention of making the poem into a sort of  cyclopedia  of Germanic tradition. They include many particulars of what purports to be the history of the royal houses, not only of the  Gautar  and the  Danes,  but also of the Swedes, the continental Angles, the Ostrogoths, the Frisians and the  Heathobeards, besides references to matters of  unlocalized  heroic story such as the exploits of Sigismund. The Saxons are not named, and the Franks appear only as a dreaded hostile power. Of Britain there is no mention; and though there are some distinctly Christian passages, they are so incongruous in tone with the rest of the poem that they must be regarded as interpolations. In  general  the extraneous episodes have no great appropriateness to their  context,  and have the appearance of being abridged versions of stories that had been related at length in poetry. Their confusing effect, for modern readers, is increased by a curiously irrelevant  prologue. It begins by celebrating the ancient glories of the Danes, tells in allusive style the story of Scyld, the founder of the Scylding dynasty of Denmark, and praises the virtues of his son Beowulf. If this Danish Beowulf had been the hero of the poem, the opening would have been appropriate; but it seems strangely out of place as an introduction to the story of his namesake. However detrimental these redundancies may be to the poetic beauty of the epic, they add enormously to its interest for students of Germanic history or legend. If the mass of traditions which it purports to contain be genuine, the poem is of unique importance as a source of knowledge respecting the early history of the peoples of northern Germany and Scandinavia. But the value to be assigned to  Beowulf  in this respect can be determined only by ascertaining its probable date,  origin, and manner of composition. The criticism of the Old English epic has therefore for nearly a century been justly regarded as indispensable to the investigation of Germanic antiquities. The starting-point of all  Beowulf  criticism is the fact (discovered by N. F. S. Grundtvig in 1815) that one of the episodes of the poem belongs to authentic history. Gregory of Tours, who died in 594, relates that in the reign of Theodoric of Metz (511 - 534) the Danes invaded the kingdom, and carried off many captives and much plunder to their ships. Their king, whose name appears in the best MSS. as Chlochilaicus (other copies read Chrochilaicus, Hrodolaicus, c.), remained on shore intending to follow afterward, but was attacked by the Franks under Theodobert, son of Theodoric, and killed. The Franks then defeated the Danes in a naval battle and recovered the booty. The date of these events is ascertained to have been between 512 and 520. An anonymous history is written early in the eighth century  (Liber Hist. Francorum,  cap. 19) gives the name of the Danish king as Chochilaicus, and says that he was killed in the land of the Attoarii. Now it is related in  Beowulf  that Hygelac met his death in fighting against the Franks and the  Hetware  (the Old English form of Attoarii). The forms of the Danish kings name given by the Frankish historians are corruptions of the name of which the primitive Germanic form was Hugilaikaz, and which by regular phonetic change became in Old English  Hygelac,  and in Old Norse Hugleikr. It is true that the invading king is said in the histories to have been a Dane, whereas the Hygelac of  Beowulf  belonged to the Geatas or  Gautar. But a work called  Liber Monstrorum,  preserved in two MSS. of the 10th century, cites as an example of extraordinary stature a certain Huiglaucus, king of the Getae, who was killed by the Franks, and whose bones were preserved on an island at the mouth of the Rhine, and exhibited as a marvel. It is therefore evident that the personality of Hygelac, and the expedition in which, according to  Beowulf,  he died, belong not to the region of legend or poetic inventio n, but to that of historic fact. This noteworthy result suggests the possibility that what the poem tells of Hygelacs near relatives, and of the events of his reign and that of his successor, is based on historic fact. There is really nothing to forbid the supposition; nor is there any unlikelihood in the view that the persons mentioned as belonging to the royal houses of the Danes and Swedes had a real existence. It can be proved, at any rate, that several of the names are 1 Printed in Berger de Xivrey,  Traditions  Teratologiques  (1836), from  a MS.  in private hands. Another MS., now at Wolfenbiittel, reads Hunglacus for Huiglaucus, and (ungrammatically) gentes for  Getis.  derived from the native traditions of these two peoples. The Danish king Hrothgar and his brother Halga, the sons of Healfdene, appear in the  Historia Danica  of Saxo as Roe (the founder of Roskilde) and  Helgo, the sons of Haldanus. The Swedish princes Eadgils, son of Ohthere, and Onela, who are mentioned in  Beowulf,à ‚  are in the Icelandic  Heimskringla  called  Adils  son of  Ottarr, and Ali; the correspondence of the names, according to the phonetic laws of Old English and Old Norse, being strictly normal. There are other points of contact between  Beowulf  on the one hand and the Scandinavian records on the other, confirming the conclusion that the Old English poem contains much of the historical tradition of the  Gautar, the Danes and the Swedes, in its purest accessible form. Of the hero of the  poem,  no mention has been found elsewhere. But the name (the Icelandic form of which is  Bjolfr) is genuinely Scandinavian. It was borne by one of the early settlers in Iceland, and a monk named Biuulf is commemorated in the  Liber Vitae  of the church of Durham. As the historical character of Hygelac has been proved, it is not unreasonable to accept the authority of the poem for the statement that his nephew Beowulf succeeded Heardred on the throne of the  Gautar, and interfered in the dynastic quarrels of the Swedes. His swimming exploit among the Hetware, allowance being made for poetic exaggeration, fits remarkably well into the circumstances of the story told by Gregory of Tours; and perhaps his contest with Breca may have been an exaggeration of a real incident in his career; and even if it was originally related  of  some other hero, its attribution to the historical Beowulf may have been occasioned by his renown as a swimmer. On the other hand, it would be absurd to imagine that the combats with Grendel and his mother and with the fiery dragon can be exaggerated representations of actual occurrences. These exploits belong to the domain of pure mythology. That they have been attributed to Beowulf, in particular, might seem to be adequately accounted for by the general tendency to connect mythical achievements with the name of any famous hero. There are, however, some facts that seem to point to a more definite explanation. The Danish king Scyld Scefing, whose story is told in the opening lines of the poem, and his son Beowulf, are plainly identical with Sceldwea, son of Sceaf, and his son Beaw, who appear among the ancestors of Woden in the genealogy of the kings of Wessex given in the  Old English Chronicle.  The story of Scyld is related, with some details not found in  Beowulf,  by William of Malmesbury, and, less fully, by the 10th-century English historian Ethelwerd, though it is told not of Scyld himself, but of his father Sceaf. According to Williams version, Sceaf was found, as an infant, alone in a boat without oars, which had drifted to the island of Scandza. The child was asleep with his head on a  sheaf,  and from this circumstance, he obtained his name. When he grew up he reigned over the Angles at Slaswic. In  Beowulf  the same story is told of Scyld, with the addition that when he died his body was placed in a ship, laden with rich treasure, which was sent out to sea unguided. It is clear that in the original form of the tradition the name of the foundling was Scyld or Sceldwea, and that his cognomenScefing (derived from  sceaf,  a sheaf) was misinterpreted as a patronymic. Sceaf, therefore, is no genuine personage of tradition, but merely an etymological figment. The position of Sceldwea and Beaw (in Malmesburys Latin called Sceldius and Beowius) in the genealogy as anterior to Woden would not of itself prove that they belong to divine mythology and not to heroic legend. But there are independent reasons for believing that they were originally gods or demi-gods. It is a reasonable conjecture that the tales of victories over Grendel and the fiery dragon belong properly to the myth of Beaw. If Beowulf, the champion of the Gautar, had already become a theme of epic song, the resemblance of name might easily suggest the idea of enriching history by adding to it the achievements of Beaw. At the same time, the tradition that the hero of these adventures was a son of Scyld, who was identified (whether rightly or wrongly) with the eponymus of the Danish dynasty of the Scyldings, may well have prompted the supposition that they took place in Denmark. There is, as we shall see afterwards, some ground for believing that there were circulated in England two rival poetic versions of the story of the encounters with supernatural beings: the one referring them to Beowulf the Dane, while the other (represented by the existing poem) attached them to the legend of the son of Ecgtheow, but ingeniously contrived to do some justice to the alternative tradition by laying the scene of the Grendel incident at the court of a Scylding king. As the name of Beaw appears in the genealogies of English kings, it seems likely that the traditions of his exploits may have been brought over by the Angles from their continental home. This supposition is confirmed by evidence that seems to show that the Grendel legend was popularly current in this country. In the schedules of boundaries appended to two Old English charters there occurs mention of pools called Grendels mere, one in Wiltshire and the other in Staffordshire. The charter that mentions the Wiltshire Grendels mere speaks also of a place called  Beowan ham  (Beowas home), and another Wiltshire charter has a Scylds tree among the landmarks enumerated. The notion that ancient burial mounds were liable to be inhabited by dragons was common in the Germanic world: there is perhaps a trace of it in the Derbyshire place-name Drakelow, which means dragons barrow. While, however, it thus appears that the mythic part of the Beowulf story is a portion of primeval Angle traditio n, there is no proof that it was originally peculiar to the Angles; and even if it was so, it may easily have passed from them into the poetic cycles of the related peoples. There are, indeed, some reasons for suspecting that the blending of the stories of the mythic Beaw and the historical Beowulf may have been the work of Scandinavian and not of English poets. Prof. G. Sarrazin has pointed out the striking resemblance between the Scandinavian legend of Bodvarr Biarki and that of the Beowulf of the poem. In each, a hero from Gautland slays a destructive monster at the court of a Danish king, and afterwards is found fighting on the side of Eadgils (Adils) in Sweden. This coincidence cannot well be due to mere  chance; but  its exact significance is doubtful. On the one hand, it is possible that the English epic, which unquestionably derived its historical elements from  Scandinavian  song, may be indebted to the same source for its general plan, including the blending of history and myth. On the other hand, considering the late date of the authority for the Scandinavian traditions, we cannot be sure that the latter may not owe some of their material to English minstrels. There are similar alternative possibilities with regard to the explanation of the striking resemblances which certain incidents of the adventures with Grendel and the dragon bear to incidents in the narratives of Saxo and the Icelandic sagas. Date and Origin It is now time to speak of the probable date and origin of the poem. The conjecture that most naturally presents itself to those who have made no special study of the question, is that an English epic treating of the deeds of a Scandinavian hero on Scandinavian ground must have been composed in the days of Norse or Danish dominion in England. This, however, is impossible. The forms under which Scandinavian names appear in the poem show clearly that these names must have entered English tradition not later than the beginning of the 7th century. It does not indeed follow that the extant poem is of so early a date, but its syntax is remarkably archaic in  comparison  with that of the Old English poetry of the 8th century. The hypothesis that  Beowulf  is in whole or in part a translation from a Scandinavian original, although still maintained by some scholars, introduces more difficulties than it solves and must be dismissed as untenable. The limits of this article do not permit us to state and criticize the many elaborate theories that have been proposed respecting the origin of the poem. All that can be done is to set forth the view that appears to us to be most free from objection. It may be premised that although the existing MS. is written in the West-Saxon dialect, the phenomena of the language indicate transcription from an Anglian (i.e. a Northumbrian or Mercian) original; and this conclusion is supported by the fact that while the poem contains one important episode relating to the Angles, the name of the Saxons does not occur in it at all. In its original form,  Beowulf  was a product of the time when poetry was composed not to be read, but to be recited in the halls of kings and nobles. Of course, ​an entire epic could not be recited on a single occasion; nor can we suppose that it would be thought out from beginning to end before any part of it was presented to an audience. A singer who had pleased his hearers with a tale of adventure would be called on to tell them of earlier or later events in the career of the hero; and so the story would grow, until it included all that the poet knew from tradition, or could invent in harmony with it. That  Beowulf  is concerned with the deeds of a foreign hero is less surprising than it seems at first sight. The minstrel of early Germanic times was required to be learned not only in the traditions of his own people but also in those of the other peoples with whom they felt their kinship. He had a double task to perform. It was not enough that his songs should give pleasure; his patrons demanded that he should recount faithfully the history and genealogy both of their own line and of those other royal houses who shared with them the same divine ancestry, and who might be connected with them by ties of marriage or warlike alliance. Probably the singer was always himself an original poet; he might often be content to reproduce the songs that he had learned, but he was doubtless free to improve or expand them as he chose, provided that his inventions did not conflict with what was supposed to be historical truth. For all we know, the intercourse of the Angles with Scandinavia, which enabled their poets to obtain new knowledge of the legends of Danes, Gautar, and Swedes, may not have ceased until their conversion to Christianity in the 7th century. And even after this event, whatever may have been the attitude of churchmen towards the old heathen poetry, the kings and warriors would be slow to lose their interest in the heroic tales that had deli ghted their ancestors. It is probable that down to the end of the 7th century, if not still later, the court poets of Northumbria and Mercia continued to celebrate the deeds of Beowulf and of many another hero of ancient days. This article is an excerpt of an entry in the 1911 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, which is out of copyright in the U.S. See the encyclopedia main page for disclaimer and copyright information.

An Understanding Of The Business Process - 852 Words

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Leadership and Management in Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Management in Nursing. Answer: Introduction: Nursing is one of the most exciting professions where nurses play a wide variety of roles to promote health, prevent disease and help patient to manage their illness. In this assignment, I intend to provide an evidence for the widely held claim that nursing is a theory and evidence based practice. The essay deals with description of an event from my own experience as a nurse and associated response. The essay critically evaluates the event and supports with evidence base. The essay intends to discuss the consequences of the event and the organisational constraints imposed on health care delivery. The essay draws the information into the conclusion and recommends remedial strategies with appropriate theoretical and research evidence. In a hospital setting, one of the commonly occurring issues is conflict due to continuous human interaction. Nurses play a wide variety of roles such as care provider, manager, educator, that includes different types of interactions among nurses and other members in the healthcare team that significantly increases the probability for workplace conflicts (Day, 2015). Conflict refers to disagreement between two or more people, or departments that may be positive or negative. Conflict is a result of variation in behaviours, attitudes, common goals, and beliefs (Arnold Boggs, 2015). In health care setting, conflicts have long term complications such as damage to interpersonal relationships, professional life that adversely affects the patient care due to communication gap in transferring accurate information. Nurses experience various types of conflicts such as interpersonal, intrapersonal conflicts, interagroup conflict, competitive and disruptive conflicts. In this essay, I would like to discuss about interpersonal conflicts, its related issues and its impact on patient care and to find resolving strategies. According to Arnold Boggs, (2015) an interpersonal conflict occurs due to disagreement between two individuals, ending in bitterness and dissatisfaction. The reason of such conflict includes altered interpersonal relationships, misinterpretation of individual roles, and variation in professional and economic values. Excess workload, lack of adequate resources, poor communication skills are other sources of conflicts (Blais, 2015). I have several experiences as a nurse but the event of interpersonal conflict had a significant impact on me. It is the rationale for particularly dealing with this issue in this essay. I have joined one of the hospitals in Bahamas after completing my diploma in nursing. I was placed in ten bedded intensive care unit. During each shift, one floor manager, three staff nurses, and one medical officer were present. I observed high turnover rate of nurses in this hospital. While I worked here the major issues that I have encountered were poor communication and cooperation among co-workers, negative attitude of physicians towards nurses, bullying by seniors, and over exhaustion at emotional level. The quality of care delivered was not meeting the nursing standards. Consequently, the patients were suffering with dissatisfaction and delay in care. One fine day, while I was in my morning shift the attending physician visited to follow up his diabetic patient, Mrs. Rosie who was then complaining of urinary tract infection (UTI). Within few minutes I heard him shouting on top of his voice that why the patient was not catheterised although it was recommended at the time of adm ission. She was supposed to be catheterised in the early shift. The other reason for his fury was missed insulin dose of the patient. Later, I have obtained some information on this issue and found that the attending nurse had some professional issues with the physician and with other staff nurses. The patient stay in the hospital was extended as she was not receiving adequate quality of care from the nurse, which detoriated her condition. I personally believe that the organisation was responsible for this phenomenon. It was difficult for me to work here because the hospital had no facility to address nurses complains. Most of the the nurses in the night shift left their work incomplete which added my work load in the morning shift. As I tend to sort out this matter with the nurses manager, I was disappointed. Her leadership style was autocratic and she hardly paid any heed to the issues faced by the in-house members. She was always dominating and had a tendency to establish her poi nt without realising its effect on the nurses and their professionalism. The very month that I have joined, three staff nurses have left the job. It was challenging for me to work here and most of the staff members spoke English in accent that was different from mine. It was difficult for me to concentrate on my work and very soon I was frustrated. However, conflict was obvious because the workplace was formed of different personalities having different views and opinions (Aberese-Ako et al., 2015). With this event, I have realised the importance of good interpersonal relationship. It was necessary to address this issue from a different perspective, as I did not want to quit like other nurses. I was passionate about my career in nursing profession therefore; there was need of managing the conflict implementing best strategy. It was time for me to implement my theoretical knowledge into practice. Critical thinking is the essential skill for nurses and it has been emphasised in nursing education for more than fifty years (Zuriguel Prez et al., 2015). Critical thinking refers to self-corrective and self disciplined thinking where judgement is based on analysis, interpretations, evaluation, and explanation of the evidential and contextual consideration (Solbrekke et al., 2016). While critically analysing this issue as well as individual performance I was sure about certain things. The leadership style of the nurses manager was not correct. According to Lin et al., (2015) the transformational leadership style is more effective than the autocratic style. The former style mainly emphasises on the significance of the interpersonal relationships. This style would promote the self esteem of nurses and elevate self actualization in terms of respect, creativity, achievement, confidence, acceptance and problem solving. The nurse manager should have been more alert when the nurses attending Mrs. Rosie missed her insulin dose and catheterisation. She was supposed to communicate and address her issues effectively in a way that would increase her work efficiency. It was also not appropriate for the physician to react violently at the nurses misconduct. Explaining the nurses about the consequences of her unprofessional behaviour would have sorted the ongoing problem. Suc h support and guidance would definitely retain the nurses and increase their confidence to handle job stress. Conflicts of this type hamper the professional, personal and organizational outcomes (Jeffreys, 2015). My first step was to familiarise myself with the environment before I unveil my true personality. I had to overcome my timid and extrovert nature. Instead of seeking nurses managers help I did what I believe was the right solution to the problem. I requested the nurse manger to allow me to care for Mrs. Rosie. I took me two days to get a grasp of her clinical situation. Mrs. Rosie was 65 years old patient with diabetes mellitus. This made her UTI more complicated. I was strict in adhering to the nursing code of ethics (Bell, 2015). I have planned her care based on the best evidence from the literature review. I had put my best effort to deliver patient centered care (Johansson Johansson, 2015). After carefully analysing Rosie case I tend to address her physical, social, and spiritual needs. I carefully monitored her insulin therapy and administered antibiotics prescribed by the physician for UTI. I aimed to meet all the standards set by the National Service Framework (NSF) for diabe tes. As it was a complex disease, it required day-to-day self care by the patient. I taught her how to manage the disease by having balanced diet, ways to recognise signs of complications, about weight management. I have assisted in dietary care planning and insulin therapy management (Munshi et al., 2016). I have encouraged, motivated, and involved her family to aid concordance. I was involved in collaborative care management with other professionals. I have worked with same dedication with other patients as well. After few days, the nurses leader praised me for my performance. This minimised the workplace conflicts, as other staff nurses tend to maintain the culture of respect and acceptance. The patients were satisfied with my services, which in turn changed the attitudes of other nurses towards their work. I had to learn to be patient and practice reflective listening when dealing with patients as well as other nurses. It would in turn motivate others to engage in meaningful conversation with others (Arnold Boggs, 2015). Due to my experiences, I have stopped relying on others for delivering my tasks. I believe my capability to deliver authentic workload to my satisfaction. In my team, I tend to focus narrowly on my nursing skills (Laschinger et al., 2015). I initiated taking maximum responsibility and workload for the team exercise and avoided complaining. After three months, I have gained collective trust of others. Being temperamental and aggressive was my weakness but I have learnt to develop my self-awareness (Day, 2015). While working in a team, I had to open to new perspectives. This also changed the attitude of other nurses towards me. Some of the nurses tend to approach me for resolving issues. This was possible to be established by the self-exploration approach of the psychoa nalytic group theory (Lichtenberg et al., 2016). Eventually, it helped me to tackle disagreements with my seniors and reduce job stress. I would like to discuss about the strategies that were effective in my case to resolve the workplace conflicts. The five best conflict management style described by Pines et al., (2012) are: Avoidance, competition, collaboration, compromise and accommodation. The best thing about these styles is its implementation as per the need of the hour. I used the avoidance style when I was aware that I was wrong and it was trivial matter. It was effective method when other could resolve the issues more effectively and there was no chance of satisfying my concerns. Avoidance provided a way to preserve harmony. The competition style was used in emergency that demanded a quick decision, when the welfare of the patient was at stake and the resolution was vital. The competition style allows one person to win using every power required to win and does not concern others (Pines et al., 2012). Collaboration style was effective in use when there was a need of considering different perspectives to implement better solution. The aim of this style is to reach a common goal that satisfies all the members involved in conflict. It is important to work through feelings that damages relationships (Pines et al., 2012). Collaboration style fosters commitment by reaching a consensus (Kantek Kartal, 2015). The style of compromising was effective in conflict management when complexes issues were to be settled for a short period. It can be used when the previous two styles does not work. This style is preferable when the important goals are not worth the potential violation of inflexible standards (Pines et al., 2012). The last style, which is accommodation, is used to resolve conflicts when it is necessary to maintain cooperation. It includes setting aside personal concerns for other members satisfaction. It is effective to use when one is losing to a majority of staff nurses. Conclusi vely, there is no particular strategy to resolve conflicts in workplace. I believe a nurse must have strong communication skill, self-awareness and knowledge of severity of situation and its consequences. There is another method recommended by Kantek Kartal, (2015) which is negotiation. This approach requires engagement in honest communication with the healthcare professionals to adjust the differences and finally reach a consensus. However, it is effective when nurses involved in conflict share their wants, needs, and objectives. Therefore, individuals can achieve the common goals by adapting to their needs and wants. As per Lin et al., (2015) the nurses manager implementing transformational leadership regularly highlight on the team goals, confront disagreements and incorporate best ideas and reliable information. I personally believe that the nurse manager should learn to be adaptive to different situations and modify their style accordingly. On the other hand, the nurses who left the job should have been more competent and tactful. According to the Tuckman model of team development conflicts are distressing, yet it institutes an opportunity to advance, grow and function properly (Zoogah et al., 2015). Upon requesting the hospital manager, he has implemented the system of reporting workplaces issues for the nurses although it took one year for all the positive changes in the workplace. In conclusion, power when used constructively ensures success for healthcare professionals and organisations. I would disregard the traditional view of treating conflict as a destructive force which is supposed to be ignored or silenced. I would agree with the modern view of conflict as an opportunity. Conflict management using a collaborative effort helps to rebuild trust and create a future of enhanced professional relationship. Managing conflicts at a work place is a complex phenomenon. Working in this environment, and experiencing the conflict has increased my awareness of the problem and improved my preparedness to cope up with workplace issues. I have realised about some of my leadership skills such as driven to deliver, personal competence, and accepting responsibility. It has strengthened my relationships and improved morale. Therefore, conflict management enhances personal growth and encourages psychological development (Day, 2015). Based on the best evidence from literature and my personal experience it is suggested that the nurse leaders should master their skills of negotiation, mediation, conflict resolution, and expert communication (Grohar-Murray et al., 2016). The organisation should understand the current state of moral distress experienced by the nurses. A valid and reliable tool should be used for conducting survey and identifying the ways to support moral courage for nurse leaders and the d irect care nurses (Gilin Oore et al., 2015). The healthcare organisations must strive to create a professional culture in the workplace and integrate healthful practices in the areas where care is delivered. There is need of peer support programs and provision of mentoring (Ellis Bach, 2015). There is a need of participative leadership model as mentioned in (Almost et al., 2016). I believe in implementation of best model to increase the moral courage of the staff. The model should align with the strategic vision of the nursing department. There are adequate resources to implement, maintain, and evaluate the model outcomes (Grohar-Murray et al., 2016). I would like to recommended helpful strategies for nurse leaders and nurses to minimise workplace conflicts keeping in view of the complex environment. Nurses and leaders should enhance their knowledge about the theory of ethical decision-making and ethical practices. Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that the claim nu rsing is a theory and evidence based practice is justified. However, I still need to develop my creative skills. I have to work more hard to be collaborative and leadership skills. References Aberese-Ako, M., Agyepong, I. A., Gerrits, T., Van Dijk, H. (2015). 'I Used to Fight with Them but Now I Have Stopped!': Conflict and Doctor-Nurse-Anaesthetists' Motivation in Maternal and Neonatal Care Provision in a Specialist Referral Hospital.PloS one,10(8), e0135129. Almost, J., Wolff, A. C., Stewart?Pyne, A., McCormick, L. G., Strachan, D., D'Souza, C. (2016). Managing and mitigating conflict in healthcare teams: an integrative review.Journal of advanced nursing. Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Bell, L. (2015). Code of Ethics for Nurses With Interpretive Statements.Critical Care Nurse,35(4), 84-84. Blais, K. (2015).Professional nursing practice: Concepts and perspectives. Pearson. Day, G. E. (2015). Successfully managing conflict.Leading and Managing Health Services: An Australasian Perspective, 273. Ellis, P., Bach, S. (2015).Leadership, management and team working in nursing. Learning Matters. Gilin Oore, D., Leiter, M. P., LeBlanc, D. E. (2015). Individual and organizational factors promoting successful responses to workplace conflict.Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne,56(3), 301. Grohar-Murray, M. E., DiCroce, H. R., Langan, J. C. (2016).Leadership and management in nursing. Pearson. Jeffreys, M. R. (2015).Teaching cultural competence in nursing and health care: Inquiry, action, and innovation. Springer Publishing Company. Johansson, L., Johansson, A. (2015). Nurses experience of applying professional competence and influencing the quality of nursing care in terms of diabetes in an Indian rural hospital-an interview study. Kantek, F., Kartal, H. (2015). CONFLICT Management in Student Nurses: Systematic Reciew.Journal of Educational Instructional Studies in the World,5(3). Laschinger, H. K. S., Borgogni, L., Consiglio, C., Read, E. (2015). The effects of authentic leadership, six areas of worklife, and occupational coping self-efficacy on new graduate nurses burnout and mental health: A cross-sectional study.International journal of nursing studies,52(6), 1080-1089. Lichtenberg, J. D., Lachmann, F. M., Fosshage, J. L. (2016).Self and motivational systems: Towards a theory of psychoanalytic technique(Vol. 13). Routledge. Lin, P. Y., MacLennan, S., Hunt, N., Cox, T. (2015). The influences of nursing transformational leadership style on the quality of nurses working lives in Taiwan: a cross-sectional quantitative study.BMC nursing,14(1), 1. Munshi, M. N., Florez, H., Huang, E. S., Kalyani, R. R., Mupanomunda, M., Pandya, N., ... Haas, L. B. (2016). Management of diabetes in long-term care and skilled nursing facilities: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association.Diabetes care,39(2), 308-318. Pines, E. W., Rauschhuber, M. L., Norgan, G. H., Cook, J. D., Canchola, L., Richardson, C., Jones, M. E. (2012). Stress resiliency, psychological empowerment and conflict management styles among baccalaureate nursing students.Journal of advanced nursing,68(7), 1482-1493. Solbrekke, T. D., Englund, T., Karseth, B., Beck, E. E. (2016). Educating for professional responsibility: from critical thinking to deliberative communication, or why critical thinking is not enough. InEducating the Deliberate Professional(pp. 29-44). Springer International Publishing. Zoogah, D. B., Noe, R. A., Shenkar, O. (2015). Shared mental model, team communication and collective self-efficacy: an investigation of strategic alliance team effectiveness.International Journal of Strategic Business Alliances,4(4), 244-270. Zuriguel Prez, E., Lluch Canut, M. T., Falc Pegueroles, A., Puig Llobet, M., Moreno Arroyo, C., Roldn Merino, J. (2015). Critical thinking in nursing: scoping review of the literature.International journal of nursing practice,21(6), 820-830.

She Remembered free essay sample

â€Å"We will be getting a new student next week, and we would like you to help her around the school,† my fourth grade teacher said. And I agree happily. Excited about being asked, I imagine a fourth grade friendship. Painting nails. Sharing secrets. Being best friends. Next week came quickly, and I raced from the bus to my classroom window. Peering through, I noticed something different—her crooked smile, her arched back and her buckled knees. I went inside to introduce myself, but I felt confused. â€Å"Maddie, this is Tiffany.† My teacher noticed my curious discomfort, so she brought me in the hallway. She explained that Tiffany had autism. Autism? What is that? She said Tiffany is no different than the rest of my classmates. I agreed, unknowing how I was going to cope, connect, or communicate with her. The following week, I learned Tiffany’s likes, dislikes, and triggers. My class didn’t understand her differences. We will write a custom essay sample on She Remembered or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But I did. I felt responsible for her. She drove me to do well in school and she helped me understand the way people interact with each other. After helping Tiffany for over three years, she moved in with a foster family, and transferred schools. Then, from eighth grade through sophomore year, I babysat Matthew. He is a boy with Cerebral Palsy, which meant he was dependent on my help. I asked my mom what Cerebral Palsy was when I found out I was going to be babysitting him. She compared Matthew to Tiffany. My sister babysat previously for Matthew and informed me how to feed, wash, and change him. I then grasped on what my night would entail, and I became nervous—but a good nervous. But babysitting Matthew was different from helping Tiffany. I now had to give my attention and assistance to him. I never knew someone could be so dependent, yet so happy. In that moment, I understood. Matthew and Tiffany are different, yet they are similar. But they both were happy. Tiffany and Matthew taught me to understand people: how they feel, how they communicate, and how they react. Matthew and Tiffany taught me how to hold a conversation with anyone, while making them feel special—and happy. At seventeen, I thought I would never see Tiffany again. But then, I volunteered with Special Olympics. And I saw Tiffany at one of the events. During the awards, I felt a light tap on my shoulder, and heard my name. As I turned, I saw sixteen-year-old Tiffany with her same glowing smile. She remembered me.